Understanding taonga : freshwater fish populations in Aotearoa-New Zealand / prepared by Erica Williams, Shannan Crow, Ani Murchie, Gail Tipa, Eimear Egan, Jane Kitson, Sue Clearwater, Mark Fenwick.

Prepared for Te Wai Māori Trust - September 2017.

NIWA Client Report no: 2017326HN. Report date: September 2017. NIWA Project: TOK17301.

Includes bibliographical references.

Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Te Wai Māori Trust -- 1.2 Report Scope -- 2. Approach -- 2.1 Distribution Maps --2.2 Trends in Relative Abundance -- 2.3 Threat Status -- 3. Tuna (Freshwater Eels) -- 3.1 Life Cycle -- 3.2 Distribution -- 3.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 3.4 Threat Rankings -- 3.5 Pressures on Populations -- 3.6 Management -- 3.7 Aquaculture -- 4. Piharau / Kanakana (Lamprey) -- 4.1 Life Cycle -- 4.2 Distribution -- 4.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 4.4 Threat Ranking -- 4.5 Pressures on Populations -- 4.6 Management -- 5. Kōura / Kēwai (Freshwater crayfish) -- 5.1 Life Cycle -- 5.2 Distribution -- 5.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 5.4 Threat Rankings -- 5.5 Pressures on Populations -- 5.6 Management -- 5.7 Aquaculture -- 6. Whitebait -- 6.1 Life Cycle -- 6.2 Distribution -- 6.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 6.4 Threat Rankings -- 6.5 Pressures on Populations -- 6.6 Management -- 6.7 Aquaculture -- 7. Porohe (Smelt) -- 7.1 Life Cycle -- 7.2 Distribution -- 7.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 7.4 Threat Rankings -- 7.5 Pressures on Populations -- 7.6 Management -- 8. Kanae (Mullet) -- 8.1 Life Cycle -- 8.2 Distribution -- 8.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 8.4 Threat Rankings -- 8.5 Pressures on Populations -- 8.6 Management -- 9. Pātiki Mohoao (Black flounder) -- 9.1 Life Cycle -- 9.2 Distribution -- 9.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 9.4 Threat Rankings -- 9.5 Pressures on Populations -- 9.6 Management -- 10. Kākahi / Kāeo (Freshwater mussels) -- 10.1 Life Cycle -- 10.2 Distribution -- 10.3 State and Trends in Abundance -- 10.4 Threat Rankings -- 10.5 Pressures on Populations -- 10.6 Management -- 11. Influencing Government Policy and Planning -- 11.2 Government Priorities and Science Strategies -- 12. Māori Participation in Taonga Species Monitoring and Evaluation -- 12.1 Potential Approaches -- 13. Equity in Access to Data and Data Management Systems for Māori -- 14. Funding Landscape -- 15. Research Needs -- 16. Acknowledgements -- 17. Glossary: Abbreviations and Scientific Terminology -- 18. References -- Appendix A. Identification of Fishes -- Appendix B. Sen Slope Estimator Results -- Appendix C. Example of Pathogens and Parasites Observed in Tuna -- Appendix D. Trends in Shortfin (SFE) and Longfin (LFE) CPUE indices by ESA -- Appendix E. Funding Landscape.

Understanding Taonga Freshwater Populations in Aotearoa New Zealand. Wai Māori commissioned the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) to provide us with a review of current knowledge on Freshwater Populations in Aotearoa/New Zealand. We wanted the review to include: tuna, piharau/kanakana, kōura/kēwai, whitebait, porohe, kanae, patiki mohoao and kākahi/kāeo and cover current knowledge for each species in terms of: understanding the life cycle of each species; Aotearoa-NZ distribution; state and trends in the relative abundance of populations (if known); threat status, as determined by two methods: NZ Threat Classification System and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); what we know about pressures on freshwater taonga species populations; and who has responsibilities for managing the fish/fishery. To the best of NIWA’s knowledge, a stocktake of the current understanding on many of the taonga freshwater fisheries has not been undertaken for some time (since the late Dr Bob McDowall’s book New Zealand Freshwater Fishes: A Natural History and Guide, which was first released 40 years ago). The different sections were co-authored and/or reviewed by a variety of individuals (including social scientists, fisheries scientists, fisheries managers, post-doc researchers, etc.) who are currently working in the topic areas to ensure that the most recent literature and understanding of current state of knowledge was captured. As well as information specific to each species, the report also outlines: agencies with statutory responsibilities for freshwater taonga species management (and their associated ecosystems, including the marine environment) in New Zealand; provision for Māori participation in freshwater resource management across selected legislations, levels of participation and uses the Maniapoto Māori Trust Board and the Waipā Catchment Plan as a case study of how iwi/whānau aspirations for the improved management of freshwater ecosystems and taonga species populations within their rohe can inform and strengthen regional policy and planning processes; and government priorities and science strategies of relevance to supporting the health and wellbeing of taonga species populations, and discusses Māori participation in monitoring and evaluation of taonga species. It also sets out some of the research directions required to address key gaps in our knowledge and improve freshwater taonga species co-management. We are very pleased with the effort the team at NIWA have taken to deliver us a comprehensive and informative report.